来源:《腐蚀科学与防护技术》2023 年第 5 期
作者:江海涛,薛峰,吕佳明
主题:沿海盐雾环境耐候钢锈层稳定化机理、封闭涂层复合防护体系、长期暴露锈蚀速率监测、免涂装耐候钢工程适用边界
沿海高盐雾、高湿度、干湿交替的大气环境对外露建筑钢结构腐蚀破坏作用显著,常规 Q355B 普通碳钢需频繁涂刷防腐涂料,后期维护成本高、耐久性不足。耐候钢依靠自身合金元素在表面形成致密钝化锈层实现自我防护,是绿色长效防腐钢结构材料。本文通过室内加速盐雾循环试验与户外实场暴露挂片试验,对比未处理耐候钢、锈层稳定化药剂处理耐候钢、外加封闭涂层耐候钢三类试件的腐蚀速率、锈层微观形貌与电化学阻抗变化规律;分析氯离子渗透、温湿度循环对钝化锈层完整性的破坏机制,并依托沿海某产业园外露钢连廊工程进行实际应用跟踪观测。试验结果表明:经专用稳定化药剂封闭处理后的耐候钢,可大幅阻滞沿海大气中氯离子向内渗透,年平均腐蚀速率降至普通碳钢的 1/6 以下,无需后期重复涂装维护;同时明确了耐候钢不适用高飞溅海水区、重度工业腐蚀区的使用限制。本文研究成果可为滨海地区景观钢结构、室外桁架、廊道支架选用耐候钢及配套表面处理工艺提供试验依据与设计参考。
The coastal atmospheric environment with high salt spray, high humidity and alternating dry-wet conditions causes severe corrosion damage to exposed building steel structures. Conventional Q355B carbon steel requires frequent repainting of anti-corrosion coatings, resulting in high later maintenance cost and insufficient durability. Weathering steel forms dense passive rust layers by its own alloy elements for self-protection, which is a green long-term anti-corrosion structural steel material. In this paper, indoor accelerated salt spray cyclic tests and outdoor field exposure coupon tests are carried out to compare the corrosion rate, rust layer micromorphology and electrochemical impedance of three types of specimens: untreated weathering steel, weathering steel treated with rust stabilization agent, and weathering steel with additional sealing coating. The damage mechanism of chloride ion penetration and temperature-humidity cycle on the integrity of passive rust layer is analyzed, and practical application tracking observation is carried out relying on an exposed steel corridor project of a coastal industrial park. The test results show that the weathering steel treated with special stabilizing agent can greatly block the inward penetration of chloride ions in coastal atmosphere, and the annual average corrosion rate is reduced to less than 1/6 of that of ordinary carbon steel, without repeated painting maintenance in the later stage. Meanwhile, the application restrictions of weathering steel in seawater splash zone and heavy industrial corrosion zone are clarified. The research results of this paper can provide test basis and design reference for the selection of weathering steel and supporting surface treatment processes for coastal landscape steel structures, outdoor trusses and corridor supports.
我国东南沿海区域海风裹挟大量氯离子,钢结构构件长期处于干湿交替状态,碳钢基体极易发生电化学腐蚀。对于外立面装饰钢构架、屋面桁架、室外连廊、景观雕塑等外露构件,传统防腐体系多采用底漆 + 中间漆 + 面漆多层涂装,存在两大短板:一是涂料 5-8 年便出现粉化、开裂、脱落,每一轮翻新都需要高空作业,施工成本高昂且影响建筑正常使用;二是涂装施工质量受环境温湿度、基层除锈等级影响极大,现场管控难度高,局部漏涂会引发点蚀快速扩展。
大量沿海工程反馈,常规涂装防腐体系全生命周期综合造价偏高,行业急需免维护或少维护的长效防腐钢材解决方案。
耐候钢(考顿钢)通过添加 Cu、Cr、Ni、P 等合金元素,在大气腐蚀过程中逐步生成致密、粘附性强的 α-FeOOH 锈层,隔绝腐蚀介质继续侵蚀基体,具备 “以锈防锈” 的自保护特性,在欧美桥梁、景观建筑中已应用数十年。
但国内沿海项目推广中暴露明显问题:未经任何处理的裸耐候钢前期会出现黄褐色锈水向下流淌,污染外立面墙体、石材,业主接受度较低;且在氯离子浓度过高的强腐蚀区域,自然生成的锈层孔隙较大,防护效果大打折扣。因此锈层稳定化封闭处理工艺,成为耐候钢在滨海建筑落地的核心配套技术,也是本次研究的重点。
耐候钢在潮湿含盐大气中发生阳极溶解反应,初期生成疏松多孔的羟基氧化铁锈蚀产物;随着腐蚀循环持续,合金元素在锈层界面富集,逐步转化为致密、低孔隙率的稳定锈层,牢牢附着在钢材基体表面,阻断氧气、水汽、氯离子向钢基体内部扩散,从根源减缓电化学腐蚀进程,实现长效防护。
本次试验设置 4 组平行试件:普通 Q355B 碳钢、裸耐候钢、稳定化药剂处理耐候钢、稳定化 + 面漆复合耐候钢,开展 1200h 中性盐雾循环加速腐蚀试验。
核心试验结论:
在厦门滨海工业区进行为期 18 个月实场挂片观测,定期检测锈蚀厚度、表面形貌。观测结果验证:稳定化处理耐候钢年腐蚀量极小,表面无起皮、无锈水流淌,完美适配沿海大气腐蚀环境。
依托滨海产业园室外钢结构连廊项目,采用锈层稳定化处理耐候钢作为主梁与栏杆构件,竣工后持续 2 年回访,构件无明显锈蚀痕迹,外立面墙体无锈水污染痕迹,证明工艺可落地。